How to File a Complaint in Court – A Step by Step Guide

Filing a complaint in court is the first legal step for anyone seeking justice. A properly drafted and filed complaint ensures that the case is admitted and proceeds smoothly. Below is a step-by-step guide on how to file a complaint in court.


1. Understand What a Complaint Means

A complaint is a legal document filed before a court to report a grievance or violation of rights. It contains the facts of the case, the legal provisions involved, and the relief sought.


2. Drafting the Complaint

  • Title and Parties – Mention the name of the complainant (person filing) and the respondent/opposite party.

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  • Jurisdiction – State why the particular court has the authority to hear the matter.

  • Facts of the Case – Provide a clear and chronological statement of facts.

  • Cause of Action – Explain how your rights have been violated.

  • Relief Sought – Clearly mention what you are asking from the court (compensation, direction, injunction, etc.).


3. Attach Supporting Documents

  • Identity proof of the complainant

  • Copies of agreements, notices, or communications

  • Any other evidence supporting the complaint


4. Verification and Signature

At the end of the complaint:

  • The complainant must sign the document.

  • A verification clause should be added, declaring that the facts mentioned are true to the best of the complainant’s knowledge.


5. Filing Before the Court

  • The complaint should be filed in the appropriate court registry.

  • Pay the required court fee (varies by nature of the case).

  • Obtain a diary number/acknowledgment for future reference.


6. After Filing the Complaint

  • The court will scrutinize the complaint.

  • If admitted, summons/notice will be issued to the opposite party.

  • The matter will then proceed for hearing.


Important Points to Remember

  • Always file the complaint within the limitation period prescribed by law.

  • Complaints should be typed, clear, and without overwriting.

  • Legal assistance from an advocate is advisable for proper drafting.

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